Microblade productions are a structuring element of the Upper Palaeolithic technical traditions of Northeast Asia that spread throughout an immense territory and accompany the Final Pleistocene settlements of Northeast Siberia. Yet, the functioning and the function of the Upper Pleistocene microblades are little known. This paper presents the first functional data for the Upper Palaeolithic microblades of Eastern Siberia. It aims at investigating the technical purposes for which they were produced ca. 19 ky cal. BP ago in the Lower Vitim at the site of Kovrizhka IV, layer 6. This open-air site is multistratified and yields the earliest occupation layer of the North-Eastern Baikal region with the level 6 dated of ca. 19 ky cal. BP. Results show that microblades were both used as projectile inserts, probably fixed laterally, and as knife elements to cut soft materials. Faunal remains are rare and the osseous industry is absent from the archaeological record of Kovrizhka. This functional analysis therefore offers an indirect evidence of the repairing of the hunting equipment at the site and of the probable osseous or wood projectile points and knife handles to which microblades were hafted. At Kovrizhka IV, impact damage rates are low, notably because they include microblades that were not used as projectile inserts and microblades that were not used at all. In these cases, we could exclude the immediate consumption of the knapping products but hypothesize the constitution of a stock to replace damaged inserts. The concentration of microblades in the southern part of the dwelling of level 6 could therefore be partly interpreted as an area dedicated to the production and replacement of microblades into composite tools, including projectiles. The relatively flexible functioningof microblades seems to be common to other Upper Palaeolithic (Kashidawai I, Yoshiizawa, Hopyeong-dong, Ushki I) and Mesolithic sites (Pavlova I, Zhokhov) of Japan, Korea, Northern and Eastern Siberia.

Three ancient sanctuaries were found in the valleys of the Ona River and its tributary Alan River on the east of Western Transbaikalia. The article considers the specificity of the ancient cult constructions characteristic for the precise territory in the boundary of the two small river valleys. In the course of the investigations conducted on the sanctuaries in Ona and Alan Rivers’ valleys we have defined that the space were arranged by the building of the artificial constructions near the local relief’s landmarks. The main natural components of the studied sanctuaries are the rugged cliffs with the vertical southward walls. While building the sanctuaries artificial elements, the limited area was created at the bottom of the cliffs; this territory became the central part of the sacral space. Revealed artificial constructions include not high stone walls, small stone mounds and rings laid out from stones. One more artificial component of these cult sites was rock arts painted with red ochre and situated in the eastern part of the rock walls. All paintings belong to the Selenga type, which is traditionally dated back to the late Bronze Age and related to the nomads of the Transbaikalia. Such sanctuaries are considered and defined as the sectoral landscape-artificial on the base of the analysis of the areas’ configurations which were delineated by the artificial structural elements and its positioning toward the dominant natural elements. Investigations conducted at Barun-Alan-1 sanctuary showed that some artificial elements here were constructed with the aim of the observation for the sun in the days of summer and winter solstice. On the base of the 14C-dating and typology of the rock art, we refer these sanctuaries’ functioning start to the end of the Bronze Age - early Iron Age.

The article is devoted to the publication of a rare item - a ceramic matrix for stamping architectural decor. The mold comes from the Sukhoy Arbulak site located in the Trans-Baikal Region. The remains of a dozen furnaces for burning ceramic building materials were found on the area of the site. The ceramics were covered with multi-colored colored glazes. The ceramic center produced building materials for the Konduy Palace complex located in 4 kilometers southwest of the site. The mold was found inside one of the furnaces for firing building ceramics which study of started in 2018. Similar heating devices were excavated in the Karakorum capital of the Mongol Empire of the XIII-XIV centuries AD and are known among the Jurchens (XII-XIII c.). Outside the forge, several stove emissions of discarded items were found. Inside the kiln, whole and fragmented bricks, tiles of various types and size standards were found, fragments of roofing sculptures and small plastics embossed in molds. Building and architectural ceramics were thrown in the forge as firing waste or manufacturing rejects. The article discusses the circumstances of the discovery of the find, provides its description and manufacturing technology. There are analogies to the image of the matrix in the collection of items from the Konduy Palace from the excavations of S. Kiselev. The author concludes that the matrixes were produced and fired here, on the site, along with the objects of building ceramics. This made it possible to produce the number of such items required for molding as well as to replace them if necessary. The matrix for stamping, which is discussed in the article, is so far the only device found, intended for decorating the products of the Konduy Palace complex (XIII-XIV c.) which makes it possible to assess the tools of medieval artisans.

During the 2013 archaeological excavations in the Olkhon region, on the southwestern shore of the Maloye More Strait in Lake Baikal, several artificial stone structures were discovered. They were located in the northern part of the funeral site Khuzhur 4 funeraral site. Most of them (four child burials and eight memorial structures) date back to the 19th century. Two types of structures were found: the ground-based type was in the form of quadrangular stone boxes attached to the rock outcrop in the southeast (Khagun type) (complex 3), and the ground one covered with a round or oval construction (Kurkut type) (complexes 5, 13 and 15). At complexes 13 and 15, there were fragments of wooden poles covering the pit. The buried were placed on their backs with their heads towards the north-east. Accompanying items were found only in the burial of a 7-8-year-old girl (complex 3). Beads, one ring and one chain were found in her grave. In other burials, there were no items. The child burial ground was built by Khuzhur-Nogui inhabitants, who belonged to the Shono Ekhirit family. Like representatives of other Buryat clans, they buried their dead to the north of their settlements, on hillsides, orienting their heads to the north - northeast, towards the “land of the dead”. Separate child burials and no accompanying items in most of them indicate a special role of children in society.

The vast territory of Inner Asia, the space of which includes many dangerous places for life, is reflected in many different far from reality images recorded in different sources. Many mythical images remained relevant until the beginning of the 20th century. One of the images known from the Middle Ages associated with certain territories of Inner Asia is the image of “the land of thunderstorms and thunder arrows”. The relevance of this image today is confirmed by meteorological studies of the region. The study of the ideas and customs of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples living in the territory of Inner Asia, associated with thunderstorms, shows the archaic character of the image of the thundering dragon. This popular image of the “lord of thunder and lightning” has spread from the territory of southern and southeast Asia. Traditional ideas about the essence of thunderstorms, the process of transformation of lightning into stone and metal objects (archaeological artifacts) are characterized by high stability in time. In the culture of the Turko-Mongols, there is a different understanding of the reasons for the defeat of a person or an animal by lightning. In the culture of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, there is a different understanding of the reasons for the defeat of a person or an animal by lightning. There is a negative understanding of this event in Mongolian society from the Middle Ages to the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, and vice versa, positive on the periphery of the Mongol Empire - among the Buryats, the Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia. It was revealed that representatives of different peoples experienced completely opposite feelings in relation to thunderstorms and lightning - some experienced fear and hid, others, on the contrary, challenged the Sky. In the social structure of the Mongol Empire, representatives of the “white bone” stood out, who believed in their invulnerability against a thunderstorm by right of their “heavenly origin”. There were also those who considered Heaven as a debtor to their ancestor. They also believed that imaginary kinship with the “chosen by Heaven”, as well as actions useful for the Thunderer, could save from lightning.

This article is devoted to the study of non-drug methods of treatment in the context of the ethnogenesis of the Yakuts and traditional medicine is considered as one of the important sources in the study of the origin and ethnic history of the peoples. The choice of the subject of research is due to the little-studied nature of this topic, which requires a detailed description and analysis. In the literature on professional folk medicine of the Yakuts, works on medicinal products, mostly the plant origin, prevail. We consider folk medicine as one of the elements of traditional culture, which led to attention to the question of personal and professional qualities of Yakut healers. In the Yakut traditional society, there were narrowly practicing non-drug methods of treatment of healers: massage therapists, specialists in acupuncture, bloodletting, chiropractors, etc. At the same time, there were also universal healers who along with the considered methods of treatment used medicines of plant, animal and mineral origin of their own manufacture. The article for the first time raises the question that non-drug methods of treatment in many respects show similarities with the so-called methods of “external” exposure, recorded in the classical source of Tibetan medicine “Zhud-shi”. It is suggested that this experience has its roots in the Hunno-Xianbian period of the formation of the origins of the Yakut culture. The sources for writing the article are historical, ethnographic and folklore materials, as well as data from archaeological excavations of early Yakut burials of the XIV-XVII centuries. On the basis of comparative analysis, the author reveals a layer of rational knowledge and methods of treatment that go back to ancient times and are common to most of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Siberia and Central Asia.

The article examines Irkutsk garrison in 1690s. The research focuses on issues related to the increase in number of warriors. Since the end of 1680s number of military personnel in Irkutsk did not correspond to the tasks assigned to them by the government. The lack of people and weapons in the fortress, which was the center of a large district, threatened to lose the confidence of the indigenous people who paid tribute in furs (yasak), the latter lived under the constant threat of an attack by Mongol feudal lords. Irkutsk warriors asked to be transferred from foot Cossacks to cavalry in accordance with the nature of their service. The change in the staff of Irkutsk garrison took place in 2 stages. In 1690 it was increased from 120 to 200 people including 50 cavalrymen. Then in 1699 the number of warriors was brought to 300 people (including 150 cavalrymen) by transferring the warriors from the towns of Western Siberia to “eternal life” in Irkutsk. Moreover 100 Udinsk archers were in Irkutsk for one year soldiery. By 1699 the number of artillery and hand fire-weapons had grown significantly in the town’s arsenal. Possible reasons for changes that occurred at the end 1690s were the growth of Irkutsk as an administrative and economic center of Eastern Siberia and the accidents of confrontation with Dauria warriors during the riot in 1696.

This article based on a large body of unpublished documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA). The author analyzes the current situation in military-educational institution of Transbaikal in 1899. In that year, there was a visit of the War Minister of Russian Empire Aleksey N. Kuropatkin to Siberian Military District. That visit was of historic importance as it took place about 4 years prior the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, and less than 7 months before the Siberian Military District mobilization in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. Its purpose was personal acquaintance of the War Minister with the recently created Siberian Military District; specifically, evaluation of the actual state and combat readiness of the dislocated troops, data gathering to further develop defense plans and regional military reforms in Siberia. Traveling by Trans-Siberian Railway, Kuropatkin inspected troops of the largest Siberian garrisons in cities of Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, including military institutions and training schools (Irkutsk preparatory school of Siberian Cadet Corps, Irkutsk Junker School). As a result, deficiencies in the reserve troops’ military training and mobilization readiness of the Siberian Military District were exposed, and an emergency plan created to correct them. In this article the most detailed descriptions of life end educational process in Irkutsk Preparatory School of Siberian Cadet Corps and Irkutsk Junker School is first published. It has been described the placement, life conditions and organization of educational process and also the opinion of War Minister about both military-educational institution and the education level in it. It has been analyzed the failures in work of both schools, which were been found by the high guests. The second part of the article devoted to the Irkutsk Junker School.

The author studied the problems of organizing a system for the protection of forest resources of the Russian Empire in the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces. The legislative basis for the protection of forests in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX - early XX century was represented by the “Forest Charter”, “The Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments”, “The Charter on Punishments imposed by magistrates”. The basis of the forest land protection system was the “Forest Charter”, however, its effect did not extend to the territory of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces until the end of the XIX century. The order to the governors to develop proposals for the arrangement of Siberian forests was issued by the Committee of Ministers in 1848, but the matter did not move beyond discussion and correspondence until 1894, when the rules on the management of state forests in the Irkutsk General Government were adopted. On their basis, a system of forest protection bodies was created in Siberia, consisting of forest officials and forest guards subordinating to the state chambers. Difficulties in spreading the reforms carried out in the western provinces of the country in the mid-second half of the XIX century to Eastern Siberia led to the fact that for several years the theft of timber fell out of the legal field, when they were transferred from the “Code of Punishments” to the world Charter, which began to be applied in Eastern Siberia with a significant delay. Then, the parallel introduction of the institute of magistrates in Eastern Siberia and the organization of the arrangement of forests, their division into categories and the creation of a system of forest supervision led to a sharp increase in offenses under the “Forest Charter” in criminal statistics.

The article deals with the educational activity of the agricultural societies of the Transbaikal Area and the Irkutsk Governorate in the early XX^th century. The article provides the historiography of the issue as well as the brief analysis of works of such researches as V.P. Plaksin, A.V. Tretiyakov, M.D. Kniga, J.U. Elina, I.A. Asalkhanov, M.E. Bumbar, L.P. Ledkova. Agricultural societies were self-help organizations that promoted the development of agriculture. They studied the position of its individual branches, promoted agricultural knowledge, and contributed to the development of progressive methods of farming. It examines circumstances and decision making mechanism concerning arranging of agricultural public organizations and regional and provincial agricultural societies, the main activity of which was targeted towards satisfying the requirements of the local inhabitants. According to the charter, agricultural societies of the Baikal Region issued such periodicals as “Zabaikalskii khozyain”, “Irkutskii khozyain”. Among the main purposes of these journals was the coverage of various agricultural items, as well as activity of experimental establishments, also coverage of achievements of agronomical science, etc. These magazines are the most informative in terms of their content. They published not only practical recommendations and instructions on farming for readers, but also various information about the events held by the societies themselves, reporting materials on their activities, data on the members of society themselves, etc. The article provides a conclusion, that in the early XX^th century, agricultural societies apart from studying of the natural, climatic and historical conditions of the area and spreading agricultural knowledge also dealt with training of specialists in agriculture through arranging educational courses.

The article raises the question of the correctness of the choice of the Russian Naval Department when accepting the 1898 Program of battleships with a turret arrangement of medium-caliber artillery. Evolutionarily, the guns trace their lineage back to the sailing fleet, when the guns of the lower gun decks were put in casemate, and the open-standing deck guns of the upper deck were transformed into turret guns. It is briefly analyzed such terminology as what are the casemates and towers at the time of the adoption of the Program in 1898. The state of affairs in the Russian Imperial Navy is characterized. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems of placement of medium-caliber guns are compared. A brief overview of the placement of medium-caliber artillery in the leading naval powers of that time is made. Mostly the states that planned to fight from the defense near their ports and bases experimented with medium-caliber turret artillery. The British had interests all over the world, and did not risk putting medium-caliber turrets on their numerous battleships. They worked out the type of medium-caliber turrets on their serial armored cruisers. A brief description of the fate of the Russian turret battleships of the 1898 Program is given. In the clash of purely casemated Japanese battleships and armored cruisers, the score was far from in favor of the Russians. The conclusion is that in the realities of the late XIX century, the best option for placing medium-caliber artillery on Russian squadron battleships was armored casemates, like the “Victory” and “Retvizan”. The French project of a purely turret battleship “Tsesarevich” (the third ship in the Program) was supposed to be a single, introductory one. In the series, it was necessary to launch technological and easy-to-build, operate and repair casemate battleships.

The article, based on the principle of consistency, analysis, as well as a descriptive and narrative method within the framework of the establishment and the initial stage of the activities of the 1st and 2nd Omsk Schools for the Training of Infantry Warrant Officers (October 1915 - May 1916), gives an answer to the question: what is in the situation Omsk Military District was the reason for the low quality of their graduates? The study was based on the report of Major General B.V. Adamovich about his inspection in November 1915 - March 1916 a number of schools for the training of warrant officers of the infantry of the European part of the Russian Empire, as well as Siberia; publications in the pre-revolutionary periodicals of the West Siberian region of the country, as well as office documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the State Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the low quality of wartime officers in the situation of the Omsk Military District was influenced by the following factors: the lack of appropriate residential and economic infrastructure, where the 1st and 2nd Omsk Schools for Training Infantry Warrant Officers could be located; lack of the necessary training equipment; the absence in the 1st and 2nd Omsk Schools for the Training of Warrant Officers of the Infantry, as in all military educational institutions of this type of established traditions, turning to which students could learn the norms, ideas, rules and patterns that are guided in their daily practice by a career officer; lack of experienced teaching staff; and, finally, the low level of education of students, which did not allow them to adequately perceive the newly acquired knowledge.

The article deals with the implementation by local authorities of state food campaigns on the territory of the Yenisei Province during the period of War Communism. The author demonstrates how in the summer of 1920 a new food campaign was announced as elsewhere to replace the food surplus expropriation (i.e. “prodrazverstka”) doing on a mandatory basis and in a specific limited situation, as well as the following curtailment of commodity-market relations and minor protest actions on the part of the peasants. Turning to the coverage of its implementation, the researcher, unlike his predecessors, found it possible to present the facts of the militarization of the food authorities, the broad direction in to the Yenisei village of the “food army” consisted of mobilized communists, trade union members, workers of threshing and harvesting detachments and Red Army soldiers of military units. The materials of publications and archival documents used by the author in the article indicate that the implementation of this prodrazverstka was gratuitous and compulsory for the peasants. It pushed the village not only to ineffective outbreaks of insurgency, but also was accompanied by peasant resistance in the form of sabotage of procurement and concealment of grain supplies. The task of prodrazverstka, as well as the previous preparations, was not carried out by the Yenisei peasants. The state-used expropriate system of food procurement existed in Siberian conditions for a longer time. Razverstka did not lead most of the peasants to a hungry existence, but cleaned out the bins they created and, showed the strength and ruthlessness of the State, and embittered the population. The consequence of this food policy was the replenishment of the material resources of the State and a sharp decline of agricultural production and the standard of living of the population in the regions.

The main task of the government of the Far Eastern Republic was to arrange food supplies for the army and the population of cities. Despite the existence of the market and trade, it was the state that took upon itself the responsibility for obtaining and distributing food through its organs and cooperation. The methods of obtaining grain and fodder from the rural population changed several times during the three years of the republic's existence: from food appropriation to various forms of trade with the countryside and then to the establishment of a “progressive income taxation”. Government of the Far Eastern Republic established the main and additional fishing and extraordinary military tax on the commercial and industrial enterprises, but all these measures did not lead to the expected results. The solution of the food problem was hampered by many problems: economic devastation and a reduction in agricultural production, continuous reforms in all spheres of government, including food and tax, the resistance of the peasantry to tax and tax burdens, the disparity between the financial capabilities of the republic and the needs of waging war, etc. The government of the Far East and the Dalbyuro of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) had to constantly turn to the help of Soviet Russia to fill the budget deficit. The constant shortage of food and finance in the Far East led to a deterioration in the material situation of the population, which in turn caused massive discontent with the government and the communists, an increase in the strike movement, a decrease in labor productivity, the development of bagging, smuggling, embezzlement of state property, etc. The food issue was one of the main factors in the exacerbation of the internal political situation in the Far Eastern Republic.

After the defeat of Kolchak and the counter-revolution as a whole, the Siberian Revolutionary Committee (Sibrevkom) began to realise political and economic power in Siberia. The territory of his authority as part of a number of provinces is usually called Sibrevkom Siberia. In 1921, in accordance with the decisions of the X Congress of the RCP(b) and subsequent party and Soviet documents, a New Economic Policy (NEP) began to be implemented here. In the historiography of the NEP, five stages can be distinguished: the 1920s; the 1930s, the second half of the 1940s - the beginning of the 1950s; the mid-1950s - the 1980s; the 1990s and the present (post-Soviet). In 1921-22, the supply of bread and other products to the European center of the country fell on Siberia with a huge burden. V.I. Lenin constantly insisted on this. Some positive changes began to manifest only in 1923-1925. And before that, the peasants sometimes “completed” the production overhaul, sometimes paid a huge food tax. The Soviet government, in order to save itself as a whole, went on a forced retreat from the previous military-communist methods of management. Free trade was allowed: only it saved from widespread food and commodity hunger. Free trade was allowed: only it saved from widespread food and commodity hunger. Many necessary goods that Siberia itself could not produce, merchants imported by traders from across the Urals. Advertising of various delicacies and industrial products appeared in the local party press. By 1925, the Siberian peasantry also stood on its feet. Still, it was not possible to reach the level of pre-revolutionary years. In 1925, the Siberian Territory was divided into districts instead of provinces. The first Regional Congress of Soviets in December transferred power from the Sibrevkom (Siberian Revolutionary Committee) to the Siberian Regional Executive Committee.

The history of the “Soviet bloc” - a significant side of the XX century history The Bolshevik slogan about the right of nations to self-determination found a response among different peoples who were politically and economically dependent on the “great” powers. In an attempt to implement the idea of a world revolution, the Bolsheviks supported international communist organizations. Relations between Russia and Poland have always been characterized by tension and complexity. Quotes is interesting to us as an example of rhetoric, argumentation, and an illustration of the declared worldview. The apotheosis of Soviet rhetoric - “the process of socialist restructuring of agriculture in Poland takes place in conditions of acute class struggle”. The theme of continuity in the navy development draws the attention of professional historians, popularizers of military-technical problems, authors of historical and journalistic books, novelists in the genre of alternative history. The names of ships and vessels are closely connected with the life of society, represent the state, foster patriotism and national pride. We are interested in the etymology of their names, which clearly reflected the significant turn in the policy and ideology of the USSR in the autumn of 1941. The 68-bis cruisers became the largest series of cruisers in the history of the Russian-Soviet navy. Of the 21 known names, only five belong to prominent Communist Party leaders, also deceased, with two names coming from the unbuilt ships of the previous series. The other names are two monarchs of the past, two national heroes, two land commanders, five admirals - all of pre-revolutionary, pre-Soviet Russia. Three seaside towns were used. In the USSR, it would be unthinkable to name ships in honor of the monarchs of the past. In Poland, the Szczecin Shipyard named built a “royal” series of bulk cargo ships. An interesting page of Polish shipbuilding was the construction of 107 medium-sized and 28 large landing ships for the socialist countries fleets, as well as India, Algeria, Egypt, and Syria.

Author analyzes the formation of the image of USSR among the United State’s Russian Diaspora and the influence of the dissident movement on this process in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s from the standpoint of historical imagology. The historical source's base of the article based on the major publications of the Russian emigration, reflecting the main directions of the political orientation of Russian emigrants. It is concluded that there are a number trends in the assessment of dissidence and the evolution of perception of Soviet society by the emigration. Anti-communist newspapers and magazines were the dominant part of the media, in which the discourse about Soviet Union was based on binary oppositions - the concepts of “Russian people” and “Soviet power”, considered within the framework of the dichotomy “own - other/strange”. For these publications, the dissident movement in USSR became a certain line in the formation of ideas about Soviet society, since it turned out that in the Soviet Union there are social groups able to fight for their civil rights. The activities of Soviet dissidents, discussed in the press, reinforced the stereotypical anti-communist’s attitudes about the USSR, influencing the content of the concepts “Russian people” and “Soviet power”. At first, the emigrants saw in dissidents allies in opposition to communism, but then they were disappointed by the idea of socialism with a “human face” widespread among dissidents. Nevertheless a part of diaspora, which held the positions of the political center, positively perceived the desire to democratize the Soviet system. At the same time, all anti-communist circles of emigrants exaggerated the role of dissidents in the political life of the USSR and did not notice the real support of the Soviet system from the people. The communist newspaper “Russian Voice” adhered to a different position, which did not published negative information about USSR and rejected the fact that there was a protest movement.

In modern world politics such a phenomenon as historical memory plays an important role, which is increasingly becoming the object of research by scientists. Historical memory is understood, according to the definition of the philosopher A.M. Pyatigorsky as the «direction of a person's consciousness to his past». This is the interdisciplinary concept being the part of the branch of research called “memory studies”. This field studies everything related to the memory of the past in society, including how memory is used in politics and international relations. Historical memory as a political phenomenon occupies a special place in interstate interaction, affects the state of relations between many countries and is used as an instrument of political influence. Many domestic and foreign studies mention examples of historical memory of the European type, but Asian cases are also of interest to researchers. A special place is occupied by the Sino-Japanese relations, in which the problem of historical memory is one of the key and unresolved. In this article, the author describes the features of the historical memory of the Chinese type and its place in the modern domestic policy of the People's Republic of China. The use of this tool by the Chinese leadership in foreign policy is illustrated by the example of relations with Japan, in the history of which there were many tragic events that affect Sino-Japanese cooperation today. The paper presents examples of the use of historical memory against Japan in the speeches of Chinese leaders, representatives of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, as well as in the publications of the official media. The author concludes that historical memory in Sino-Japanese relations is both a problem and an instrument of China's influence, and that unresolved issues of the past are one of the obstacles to building a full-fledged dialogue between the two leading East Asian actors.

The review considers the monograph by A.V. Ganin “Russian officer corps in the Civil War. Confrontation between command personnel. 1917-1922”. For the first time, the author detaily and comprehensively compares the contribution of officers to the creation of Red and White (in parts of Russia), and new national armies; analyzes the motives of the choice; characterizes by comparison the position and role of military specialists. Based on a critical analysis of an extensive source base, the conclusions of the monograph reasonably show the regularity of the outcome of the Civil War. It is concluded that the work is written in a good literary language and will be useful to all those interested in history.

The basic components of the work are highlighted and analyzed: analysis of theoretical grounds that formed the basis of the policy of “settling” of nomadic peoples within the Soviet State; analysis of statistical data revealing the dynamics of socio-economic development of “nomadic” regions within the USSR; author's assessment of the nature and consequences of the “Sovietization” of nomadic peoples. The author substantiates the using of the concept of “nomadic civilization” in relation to nomads who have undergone modernization in the Soviet period.