The article exams materials reflecting the first appearance of farmers on the sea coast of Peter the Great Bay as terminal area of a multistage migration process of the farming population of East Asia. At the multilayered site Klerk-5, the deposits of light brown loam corresponding to this event are dated to the interval of 4600-4500 BP. Site catchment analysis provides insights into the resource base of this community, which differs from the original occupied areas. Assemblage of artifacts and eco-facts obtained using special field methods made it possible to reconstruct the fishing and hunting habits of the site’s inhabitants. The sphere of the subsistence system related to gathering and farming remained unclear. Previously, starch from plants related to these activities was found on stone tools. This article presents the study of ceramic of the first farmers by ancient starch analysis. Ancient starch was found on the most sherds. Analysis of all data showed that farmers retained the main set of cereal plants: two types of cultivated millet and wheat cereals. Gathering represented by acorns, wild lily bulbs, ferns, roots of other plants, hazelnuts, and wild fruits. For the first time, starch of eelgrass seeds (Zostera marina) was discovered on ceramic fragments. This sea grass has both technical and nutritional significance. Change of the resource base on the coast made little effect on the basic kit of the carbohydrate component of the diet.

The article discusses the intended purpose, issues of substantiation of the methodology and technique of geo-radar sounding in the identification and study of ancient graves on the eastern flank of the Fofanovsky burial ground. The possibilities of geo-radar sounding using the OKO-2 georadar in the search for inhomogeneities in the upper part of the geological section are presented. The main types of interference are considered and the main factors that must be taken into account when conducting surveys in a wooded area are shown. Based on the results of experimental work with various antennas, the main features of the areal research methodology were determined (observation network, frequency range of recorded vibrations, optimal registration parameters, methods of topographic mapping, etc.). A graph of field data processing using a specialized GeoScan-32 package was formed, including: data editing; scaling; zero-phase deconvolution; gain control; spectral analysis; bandpass filtering, velocity analyses, fan and coherent filtering; migration. The velocities of electromagnetic waves and the patterns of their changes in area were determined from diffracted waves, which ensured the correct transformation of time sections into deep ones. Based on the results of the interpretation of radar images, 5 sites of possible burials were identified on a number of profiles. During excavations at three of them at depths of 0.7-0.9 m, burials were found - two single and one collective. Two anomalies were caused by buried root systems. The age of the graves is estimated to be within 6,000 BP. As a result, georadilocation probing provided purposeful archaeological research, unambiguous localization of burials and, as a result, a significant reduction in the volume of overburden work.

The article examines the history of acquisition and transfer to museums, as well as the composition of the collection of ancient items of the exiled Narodnaya Volya member I.I. Avgustovsky. The collector lived at the end of the 19th century in the Zaledeevo village, Kezhemskaya volost, Yenisei district. During the period of exile on the Angara region Augustovsky accumulated a significant collection of stone tools, iron and bronze items, anthropological and osteological remains, as well as household items and shamanic cult of the Tungus. Most of the finds were collected in the Lower Angara region, mainly at the mouth of the Chadobets River, where the exile lived. After Augustovsky’s death, the finds were transferred to the Yenisei Public Museum, and the most interesting items – to the Historical Museum and the Hermitage. Restoring the history of the collection became possible thanks to the correspondence of the head of the Yenisei Museum A.I. Kytmanov with local and provincial officials, which preserved in the archives of the Yenisei Museum-Reserve. In 1899, after the death of the Augustovsky, the provincial administration instructed Kytmanov to conduct a property and scientific assessment of all items in the collection. This information was transferred by the governor to the Imperial Archaeological Commission and the Moscow Archaeological Society. The surviving inventory of objects made it possible to present the total number and representativeness of finds. The majority of the archaeological items in the collection were stone products. Arrowheads and chopping tools dominated within the stone tools. The collection of iron and bronze items included celts, arrowheads, knives and other categories of finds. Metal items from Augustowsky's collection were transferred to the Imperial Archaeological Commission in 1900. Among them were celts, hummer-axe, knives, jewelry and objects of shamanic worship.

The article introduces materials from the personal archive of P.P. Khoroshikh (F. 20), stored at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, SB RAS. The fund has 10 cases (147, 150, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 344, 585), related to the study of Kurumchi culture. In this article, the authors have tried to rely on the taxonomy of P.P. Khoroshikh. So, according to archival materials, settlements with stone walls were described: the area of the Small Sea, in Krestovaya Bay, Uzur, Ludar, on Dain-Hoshun Mountain. Sites are the places of settlements on terraces: in the valleys of the Angara, Kuda, Lena, Unga rivers, near Ulan-Bor Mountain, at the mouth of the Selenga and Barguzin rivers, on the Ushkany Islands, Teterikha. Burial grounds were found on Olkhon Island, Abazaev Utug, on the shore of the Kurkut Bay, Elgai, near Lake Nur, Kulara, Sarma Street, Omulevaya Pad, Bolshaya Zama, Zama Street, near Zhalovsky Street, Onguren Street, near Holboy-Nur Lake, Haga-Aman, Zhida Street. Finds in caves were found on Skriper Mountain, in Kadilnaya Pad, in the valley of the Kurtun River, in Ityrhei Bay, on Bolshoy Ushkany Island, Ludarskaya and Baidinsky caves. Rock paintings: on the mountains of Orso, Sakhyurt, on the rocks in the bays of Shibete, Ityrhei, Aya, Angara, Kuda, Unga, Osa, Obusa, Lena basins, in the area “Shishkin shamanka”, near the village of Kartukhai, Mankhai mountains, Batog, Ulan-Khada, Malan-Khada, Buluk. Traces of ancient agriculture: near the villages of Elansi, Barturka, Kharazargai, Targan, Togot, Kulara, in the Kudinsk and Alar steppes, in the valleys of the Kudareika, Anga, Buguldeika, Kurtun and Sarma rivers, Tarskaya and Tunka basins. Ancient Turkic rune-like monuments: on the rocks of Krestovaya Bay, Petrovo.

The article examines the state of artillery armament in the cities and fortresses of Western Siberia, the recruitment of personnel serving the artillery equipment, and its salary. Attention is paid to the design features of the guns, their length, calibers, and weight. The urban artillery equipment of both the largest cities in the region and the cities on the periphery are described. Examples of field use of guns during battles with the nomads during the reign of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty are done. In a country acutely experiencing the severe consequences of the Time of Troubles, the production of artillery systems of various calibers was resumed at the Cannon Yard. Current foreign policy goals have predetermined the production of field guns, the production of which is becoming a priority along with the casting of other types of guns. According to the plan of the country's leadership, they were supposed to saturate the troops and provide the firepower of the regiments of the "new order". A new army capable of recovering territories lost during the years of Turmoil, as well as contributing to the annexation of new lands. In 1613-1645 the expanses of Western and Eastern Siberia continue to be colonized by the state, one of the decisive factors in this process is the supply of firearms. During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich in the region, with a wide variety of artillery systems, regimental guns took a significant part in the garrisons of the region, and were also sent as part of military contingents to solve various tasks. Despite the remoteness and logistical problems, the supply of firearms became systemic in nature and indicated the extreme interest of the state in the development of the region.

One of the most relevant areas of research in the history of the Albazin fortress is the detailing of the qualitative and quantitative composition of medieval artillery used by the warring parties during two successive sieges of it. In turn, if the information about Russian guns looks quite acceptable, then neither their specific technical types nor the actual number have actually been identified for Chinese guns. In this paper, the authors propose to use a detailed list of actually used Chinese cannons as part of the historical description of two successive sieges of Albazin, respectively, in 1685 and 1686. One of the features of the period under review is that it actually coincided with the completion of the modernization of the Chinese army, undertaken by the second representative of the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor. At the same time, European Jesuit missionaries made a significant contribution to the development of national artillery systems, which at first only copied and then surpassed the original Western models. In turn, starting around 1670, the Chinese began to strive to gradually fill the entire niche of traditional European siege weapons, completely stopping the production of obsolete copies. At the same time, they used their original casting technology, which made it possible to rationally increase the length of cannon barrels against the background of a minimum increase in their final weight. Having additional background information about the actual tactical and technical parameters of Chinese artillery, it is possible to identify specific types of siege and field guns directly used by the Lantan army on the battlefield. At the same time, drawings of the first and second sieges of Albazin fortress provide invaluable assistance in solving the current task. Which also give every reason for a fully justified statement about the actual accuracy of the display of the real composition of the Chinese artillery by these graphic documents, bearing in mind not only its qualitative, but also its quantitative composition.

The article, based on archival materials of diplomatic correspondence and military reports, examines the process of interaction between the Russian authorities and the Kazakh zhuzes in the area of border fortifications in the south of Western Siberia in the 1750s. The study showed that the recognition of Russian citizenship by the Kazakh zhuzes did not actually mean direct adherence to Russian orders. In fact, the Kazakh rulers could not or did not want to influence their subjects in relation to the interests of Russia, which led to the emergence of border conflicts that reached the highest ranks of the Russian government. The problem of the participation of Bukharan merchants in Russian-Kazakh relations in the borderland in the mid-18th century, their importance in the trading activities of the southern Siberian lands is considered. Both positive examples of international interaction in the sphere of trade and cases of attacks that led to border conflicts are touched upon. Kazakh leaders could not or did not want to influence their subjects according to the interests of Russia, which led to the emergence of border conflicts that reached the highest ranks of the Russian government. The international trade conducted by the Bukharan caravans was a mutually beneficial process for the countries and peoples involved in it. It also left its mark on the history of Russian-Kazakh border contacts; the noted attacks were not of a mass nature and were a consequence of the specifics of that nomadic society with weak control of the rulers and complex Kazakh-Dzungar relations. At the same time, the support provided by Sultan Ablai to the Bukharan caravans traveling to Russian possessions showed examples of successful international cooperation in ensuring trade routes.

The name of Gavriil Stepanovich Batenkov is usually associated with the Decembrist movement: indeed, while not formally a member of any of the secret societies, he nevertheless shared many of the beliefs of the “noble revolutionaries”, was initiated into their conspiracy and plans for the subsequent democratization of Russia. A native Siberian, G.S. Batenkov was born in Tobolsk in a large family of a retired senior officer, participated in the War with Napoleon, and was wounded several times. In 1815 he retired, and in 1816 he was enlisted as a lieutenant in the Corps of Transportation Engineers with an appointment to his hometown, where he soon headed the 10th Siberian railway district. The article is devoted to the historical views of G.S. Batenkov on the past of Siberia in the 17^th - 19^th centuries. Batenkov was not a professional historian, but, having been attracted by M.M. Speransky to draft the laws that became known as the “Siberian Institution”, he actively began studying the past of the vast region - the history of settlement and development of the territory, issues of self-government and culture of indigenous peoples, the results of the influence of “penal colonization” on the socio-economic and cultural development of the region. Being a supporter of constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom in Russia, G.S. Batenkov sharply criticized the tyranny of officials, the disenfranchised status of peasants, and spoke out against the idea of Siberia as just a “place of exile” for criminals gathered here from all over the country. The Charter on Exiles and the Charter on Stages in Siberian Provinces prepared by him, as well as other documents of the “Siberian Institution”, are convincing proof not only of his high professional knowledge in the field of penitentiary theory and practice, but also, to no lesser extent, evidence of Batenkov's desire, as a true patriot of Siberia, to reduce the negative impact of penal servitude on the local population, and his desire to establish proper order in the organization of Siberian criminal exile.

The article examines the development of trade in Vladivostok during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The main sources used in the study are stored in Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East correspondence, orders, circulars and instructions of the Manchurian armies Commanders, the Emperor's Viceroy in the Far East, the Amur Governors-general and military governors of the Amur and Primorsky regions, commandants of the Vladivostok Fortress, as well as reports prepared for the governor on the South Ussuri district, materials on the supply of the Primorsky region with essential goods for March-April 1904 and reports of the military governor of the Primorsky region for 1905 and 1906. The sources of personal origin were also used - the correspondence of E.L. Pray and the memoirs of Baron A.P. Budberg. The conditions in which entrepreneurs had to carry out trade activities, complicated by martial law, are studied. The factors that hindered the realization of commodity exchange and had a negative impact on the urban economy, including its trade sphere, are identified: difficulties with the delivery of goods, prohibitions on the import and export of certain categories of goods, price regulation to combat high cost of living, shortages and speculation. Under the state of siege and naval blockade, trade in Vladivostok was limited to insignificant retail turnover, as well as government contracts and supplies, and there was a quite natural decrease in the number of traders. After the end of the military conflict the rapid growth of cargo imports to Vladivostok as the main trade center of the region led to overstocking of the port, but not to a decrease in prices.

In relation to the combat circumstances of the actual captivity, the Siberian rear of the Russian Empire acted as the end point of “placement in places of detention.” In the research literature, little attention is paid to this “beginning” of the trajectory of foreign prisoners of war. This article takes the first steps to eliminate this gap, to identify the range of key aspects of “capture”. There are still discrepancies in determining the scale of human losses on the Eastern Front. Thus, modern historians S.G. Nelipovich and A.V. Oleinikov present mutually “polar” assessments in their publications. The clarification of the enemy's losses in the greater direction, carried out by S.G. Nelipovich from 2000 to 2024, was noted. Chronologically, data on the losses of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front by the dead and missing (according to German and Austrian data) and on the fate of foreign prisoners in Russia (according to Russian documentation) - on the number of allied troops sent to form, invalids sent to their homeland, sent to neutral countries, escaped, died, repatriated in the first place, etc. Russian military formations that took many trophies and prisoners are listed with the points of pre-war deployment. The difficulties of allocating divisions that “have seen the most and were the strongest of all” were noted. The largest episode of the capture of enemy soldiers was the surrender of the Austrian fortress of Przemysl on March 9, 1915. The residents of which administrative districts of Germany were most often killed by Russian weapons or taken prisoner are indicated. Information about the territory of the German corps of the pre-war formation operating on the Eastern Front has been seen. In conclusion, the spiritual phenomenon of the feat of Russian soldiers, officers and generals who captured enemy units is assessed - examples of awards of the Order of St. George of the 4th degree or St. George's arms, sequentially taken for each month of the war, are considered.

One of the features of the Russian reality of the current time was the permanent reform of the sphere of law enforcement. The most noticeable changes in the institutions of the militia, renamed in 2011 to the police. Officially, they are explained by the intention of the political authorities to achieve the maximum possible law enforcement in the public interest. The study of relevant experience becomes relevant. The experience of crisis periods is especially interesting. At this time, making optimal decisions is the main condition for survival. Such periods include 1917-1920. Then, in many territories of Russia, political power changed kaleidoscopically, which had to immediately form and reform police institutions. One of the regions where these events took place especially dynamically was the Irkutsk province. Acute time pressure forced different power forces to solve the same problem. A comparative analysis of the relevant actions makes it possible to understand the main thing in the then process of forming and reforming police institutions. The use of a comparative research method made it possible to identify pronounced patterns in this process. In all cases, the new political government sought to keep the former employees in the service if possible. In addition, they tried to maintain the previous organizational structure. At the same time, the organization of law enforcement has always begun with a change in its leadership and a radical change in the professional training of employees. The identification of these patterns made it possible to establish the priority value of two circumstances in the process of forming and reforming police institutions. First is the immediate change of existing managers to meet the necessary requirements. Second is changing the system of professional training of employees to be adequate to a new reality. These changes determine the inevitability of the subsequent transformation of the entire system of organization and functioning of law enforcement agencies.

The first issue of the “Crocodile” magazine was published on August 27, 1922. Before that, it was an appendix to the newspaper Rabochy (also known as Rabochaya Gazeta), which was owned by the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b). From the very beginning, the publication presented a wide range of problems and topics, as well as genres - both artistic-publicistic (pamphlet, feuilleton, humoresque, epigram, etc.) and visual (caricature, cartoon, poster). For almost seventy years, the magazine emphasized different problems and topics, which was due to changes in the agenda and the general line of the party. For example, during the period of the New Economic Policy the “Crocodile” actively denounced and ridiculed the so-called nepmans or nepachi (entrepreneurs), during Collectivization - kulaks (wealthy peasants), and during the Great Patriotic War - A. Hitler, the high command of Nazi Germany and German soldiers. The Nazis were exposed by outstanding artists and writers - Kukryniksy, V.P. Kataev, S.V. Mikhalkov and others. In addition, we noticed that the editorial staff's interest in foreign events increased or decreased depending on their ideological “favorability”. In particular, at the height of the Cold War, “Crocodile” repeatedly spoke out against the imposition of democratic values by the U.S. on Third World countries and generally against certain actions of the U.S. government. This article takes an overview of what issues were raised and what topics were covered in the “Crocodile” from its inception to the beginning of Perestroika (1922-1985). Some attention is paid to the stylistics of the materials.

The article, based on a set of historical sources, examines the development of the system of state regulation of the agrarian sphere in 1934-1939 in the territory of the modern Irkutsk region (Priangarie). The author draws attention to collectivization as an instrument of comprehensive transformation of the life of the peasantry and the economic, production everyday life of the domestic village in the 1930s. Interrelated elements of the state agrarian policy are studied. Firstly, it is the tax system in the village, which is a method of stimulating collectivization. The statistical material presented in the article allows us to assess the diversity of compulsory payments imposed on peasants in the second half of the 1930s. Secondly, grain procurement campaigns were a fundamental basis for the relationship between the communist government and the rural population. Grain procurements were a kind of "stumbling block", an indicator of communication between the state and the peasants. Thirdly, grain purchases introduced during the Neo-NEP period and motivating collective farmers and individual farmers to sell food to the state by providing additional commodity funds are considered. The role of the 1936 Constitution, which enshrined the reduced economic rights of the rural population, is analyzed. Examples of proposals made by collective farmers during the discussion of the Basic Law (Constitution) are given. The state efforts “to strengthen the collective farm system” are shown through the fight against violations of the Charter of the Agricultural Artel in collective farms in 1939. The types of such violations are listed: rent, purchase of collective farm lands by individuals for personal subsidiary farming, use of socialized cattle for personal purposes, collective farm trade during agricultural work, etc. These facts testify, in particular, to the dominance of personal subsidiary farming over collective farming in ensuring the material well-being of the collective farmer.

The change in the international situation in the early 1960s, which resulted in worsening relations with the United States and its allies, forced the USSR leadership to adjust its domestic policy, in particular, to take measures to strengthen law enforcement agencies. The process of decentralization and weakening of the "power" block in the Soviet Union was suspended. In particular, a scientific management system was introduced into the activities of state bodies, expressed in the improvement of a multifaceted planning system, as well as reporting on the work done. This concerned both correctional labor units and individual employees. Planning in the activities of penitentiary institutions of the Altai Territory was divided into current and long-term. After conducting inspections of individual structures in the system of places of detention, plans were adopted to eliminate previously identified deficiencies and comments. When preparing future actions, specific deadlines and persons responsible for their implementation were established, who bore personal responsibility. It was possible to make changes to the plan, including as a result of a strong-willed decision of higher officials. Separately allocated planning for personnel recruitment, professional training, raising the professional level of employees of the penitentiary system. Control over the implementation of projects was carried out by managers and their deputies, representatives of the prosecutor's office, Soviet and party bodies, officials from the central apparatus of the MVD-MOOP USSR-RSFSR, the public and employees of state security. The negative side of the active implementation of planning and reporting documentation in correctional labor institutions was a decrease in mobility in decision-making, an increase in the volume of documentation submitted for archival storage during numerous inspections, and increased bureaucratic red tape.

The article presents the history of the development of Irkutsk Polytechnic University in the period from 1960 to the mid-1970s - the period of the formal entry of the Soviet Union (USSR) into the era of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technical revolution. The main task of this study is to find an answer to the question: how much did the structural changes of the university meet the new demands of the time. The main attention is paid to the changes associated with the transformation of the Irkutsk Mining and Metallurgical Institute into a polytechnic institute. The authors emphasized that the reform of the University took place against the general background of the development of the national economy in terms of expanding the country's resource and technical base and developing the natural resources of Siberia. This required a large number of engineering personnel, whose specialization would meet the new demands of the industrial sector, and the Polytechnic successfully coped with this difficult task. As new industries and technologies developed, the structure of education at the polytechnic was consistently transformed, new specialties, departments, and laboratories were opened. To create the most comfortable environment for students, numerous creative and sports sections functioned on the basis of the educational institution, and a mass student movement developed. The main source base for the authors were archival documents: orders of the rector, various decisions of the institute's bodies, certificates and reports stored in the State Archive of Irkutsk Oblast’ (SAIO) and the Irkutsk National Research Technical University’s (INRTU) archive. Information from publications devoted to research in the field of economic development of Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk and the Irkutsk region was also used. The article concludes that during this period, the structural transformations of Irkutsk Polytechnic University are an accurate reflection of the algorithm of economic development of the Soviet state.