The second chapter of the project examines the results of archaeological research from the middle of the XX to the beginning of the XXI centuries on the area of Voennyi Gospital (Military Hospital) site. Numerous excavations showing the multilayered occurrence of Paleolithic culture aged from the Middle Pleistocene to the Final Holocene have been carried out on this territory. The main part of the finds is confined to the deposits of the Early Sartan solifluxium. This paper summarizes and analyzes the results of these works. The materials of excavations in 2013 and 2021 are published for the first time. The results of research on the territory of the Kosovich brick sheds, where the excavations of the XIX century were located in one version, are given. Based on the Cherskii and Chekanovskii's descriptions of the stratigraphy and archaeological material, cultural and chronological definitions of the original site are proposed; the paper attempts to correlate it with nearby locations in terms of stratigraphy. The paper also hypothesizes about the natural genesis of the «pottery shards», discovered by I. D. Chersky. The unique stratigraphic conditions of the Voennyi Gospital site result from the geomorphological features of the flat headland surface, where the hospital building and the first pits are located. Moreover, that is why there is no direct analogies of the original site at the surrounding area. A further step of investigations will see in the excavation work in the courtyard of the hospital, as well as the publication of the results of other excavations at the Maratovskaya Gora (Shchapovo 2 and Generalov Site).

The article is devoted to the history of the study and mapping of archaeological sites of the Bulunsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), covering the lower course with the delta of the Lena River, lower reaches of the Olenyok and Omoloi Rivers, and including the archipelago of the New Siberian Islands consisting of the Lyakhovsky Islands, the Anzhu Islands, and the De Long Islands. The purpose of this work is the primary mapping of archaeological sites, generalization and systematization of archaeological research conducted on the territory of the Bulunsky district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The study of many archaeological sites of the Bulunsky district is limited by the preliminary searching nature of the work. The researchers of the Russian Arctic expeditions of the 19th century were the first to pay attention to ancient tools, the remains of graves and structures of the 17th-18th centuries. However, the first systematic archaeological research on the territory of the Bulunsky district is associated with the name of A. P. Okladnikov, who carried out exploration work in the lower reaches of the Lena in 1942-1943. Here he managed to find more than 50 points and sites, some of them were excavated. The description of the locations of the sites in his “Lena Antiquities” is not quite unambiguous and obvious for the modern situation, which leads to inconsistencies among modern researchers. In the article, based on the analysis of old map materials, including the Atlas of the Lena River by N. I. Evgenov, an attempt was made to clarify the location of archaeological objects discovered by the expedition of A. P. Okladnikov. In the 1970s, the Prilenskaya Archaeological Expedition (PAE) under the guidance of Yu. A. Mochanov, who discovered a number of sites on the lower Lena River and Olenyok River within the Bulunsky district. Currently, 100 sites of archaeological heritage are known on the territory of the Bulunsky district, dating from the Paleolithic to the Modern History (17th-18th centuries).

The article presents the results of archaeological work in 2017-2021 at the Novoselishchenskoye walled town, Khankai district, Primorye. During the work, it was found that the site was multilayered and included sediments of the Neolithic age, Paleometal epoch and early Middle Ages. The site is located on two terraces. On the lower terrace, there is a walled town with fortifications in the form of a bank and a moat surrounding 41 pit-houses. The dwellings are lined up in rows. On the upper terrace there are 27 pit-houses without fortifications, some of which also form rows. The elements of the fortification (a bank and a moat) and three burnt dwellings were explored. Two of them are located in the fortified part of the site, another one is located on the second terrace outside the city bank. It has emerged that that the earth bank and moat were built by the last inhabitants of this site in the late V - early VI centuries AD, they belong to the Mohe archaeological culture. The builders of the bank removed the turf before starting the construction to prevent a landslide, and afterwards further increased its height by building wooden palisade on top of the bank. All three dwellings also belong to the Mohe culture, but at the same time they are divided into two types, differing in area (16-18.4 m² and 37 m²), design features and number of artifacts. The dwelling of a larger area looks more solid and prosperous, compared with smaller buildings. The presence of two types of dwellings and fortifications building techniques indicate stable and solid building traditions of the early-medieval population. The fact that single-cultural dwellings are present both in the city and outside the city, moreover, they differ in design and area, raise a number of interesting questions concerning the socio-economic development of the Mohe society.

Abrikosovskoye settlement is situated in the Krounovka River valley, Ussuriysky district, Primorsky Krai, on the left bank of the river, 2.5 km south-westward of the same name village. In the Bohai period, it was a part of Shuaibin region, which was a northeastern periphery of the state. The article deals with characteristics of economic activity of Bohai population living on the rural outskirt of the state. Archeological research of the site has shown that in the settlement’s northern and southern parts during the whole period of its activity (within three discovered construction levels) camp and manufacturing facilities were being built. The construction tradition on the site was gradually changing, from half-dugout dwellings with fireplace in lower construction level to aboveground structures with kang heating system in higher construction level. It can be safely said that such tendency is common to the Bohai culture’s sites of different ranks. Archaeobotanical studies persuasively prove the active economic development of the settlement territory. Landscape and climatic conditions allowed inhabitants to cultivate domestic plants, making agriculture their primary activity, as well as to include other resources of the area in their environmental support systems. Despite the remoteness of the area from central capital areas, there we can see high level of specialization of pottery and roof tile production. Handicrafts made of metal and bone fully meet the characteristics of products known in the capital centers of Bohai. It is obvious that in the period of Abrikosovskoye settlement the Buddhist temple was in function, and this indicates the early penetration of the Buddhism ideas into the periphery and the desire of the State to strengthen its power in these territories.

Excavations of the Gornotravinsky burial ground were started in 2005. Wooden decks were discovered in the coastline profile after the collapse of the Irtysh River bank near the settlement Gornopravdinsky (Khanty-Mansiysk region of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra). In 2007-2008, 2012, 2015, and 2017 the work on the site was continued. Some well-preserved objects of organic materials were found in the burials: wooden decks, boardwalk coffins, birch bark snuff boxes, leather shoes as well as interesting woven products, knitted products from raw materials of animal and vegetable origin. This new data solves the issues related to the technological process of manufacturing textiles found in the territory of the Lower Irtysh, with the definition of local textile traditions. The study of textile technology helps to correlate them with the finds of the burial ground previously studied by Glushkova T. N. as well as with similar finds from other archaeological sites of Western Siberia, and published ethnographic materials. This textile is diverse in character and origin. The results of the research help to identify local traditions of textile manufacturing and use. Silk products have been imported. Rough simple fabrics were manufactured artisanally on site. The article introduces into the scientific circulation textile materials of the collection of the burial ground Gornopravdinsky, obtained during archaeological excavations in 2015-2017. 67 textile samples were studied. The research results make it possible to partially specify the data of the historical sources concerning the technological features and attribution of textile products, local textile manufacturing, and imported fabrics at the Lower Irtysh in the XIX century.

Identification of working animals has been one of the most promising recent directions in zooarchaeological studies. Since the 1990s, several researchers have attempted to develop methods and techniques to distinguish draught, ridden, and sled-pulling animals from the archaeological record. In this article, we summarize three main methods, or skeletal activity indicators, that are currently available or in the process of being developed to trace working animals in Holocene faunal assemblages. These indicators are pathological lesions, entheseal changes, and cross-sectional bone geometry. All three approaches are grounded in the premise that long-term and habitual work can manifest on various regions of animal skeletons such as skulls and teeth, vertebrae, joint surfaces, long bones, some tarsals, and phalanges. Their applications as activity indicators are developed by comparing pathological lesions, entheseal changes, and long bone cross sectional geometry between larger sets of working and non-working animals. Description of each method starts with its introduction, discussion of multifactorial etiology related to age, sex, body size, genetic predisposition, and other limitations of its application, and inclusion of species examples that it has been developed on and/or applied to. We focus here on examples from three major domestic animals, horse ( Equus caballus ), cattle ( Bos taurus ), and reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), which have been some of the main working animals in Siberia throughout the Holocene.

The publication devoted to the ethnographic traditions of the northern Tungus. The interdisciplinary research considers the fundamental elements of the archaic complex of the northern Tungus material culture in the traditions of clothes, ornamental style and typology of jewellery. The research based on the results of scientific works in ethnography, archaeology, art history, linguistics and other scientific disciplines. The obtained results point to the initial genesis of the ornamental style, typology of jewellery and the composition of the northern Tungus clothes, starting from the late Neolithic in conjunction with the bearers of the Baikal and Katanga anthropological types, the Glazkovo culture of the Baikal region and similar Neolithic cultures in the basins of Kolyma, Vilyui, Lena Rivers. The open cut, the compound type of clothes, the strict geometric style and the colour scheme of the beaded ornament have survived almost unchanged in the ethnographic complex of many groups of the Evenki and the Evens. The comparative vocabulary analysis of material culture (the names of clothes and its parts) of the northern Tungus and the Yakuts very accurately indicates the borrowing of the Tungus cultural clothes traditions and ornament by the Yakuts. According to the author, based on the results of ethnogenetic and anthroponymic studies, the development of the historical process of interethnic interaction between the northern Tungus and the Yakuts occurred on the intermarriage basis, which caused a tendency for the Yakuts to borrow a number of typological cultural elements and traditions of the Evenki and the Evens. These borrowings included many elements of clothes and ornamental style of the Tungus archaic ethnographic complex. The objective reason for the penetration of many elements of the northern Tungus culture into the ethnographic complex of the Yakuts is the process of adaptation of the bearers of the steppe pastoral culture to the conditions of the Yakutian taiga and arctic zone.

The task is set, referring to the main historical milestones in the development of dialectics, to identify the main points of the idea of dialectics that make up its logical content, taking into account its various historical design. Plato and Hegel are taken as the main "peaks" of the development of the idea of dialectics. The ancient origins of the understanding of dialectics are considered, special attention is paid to the design of dialectics as a teaching in Plato's philosophy, while two meanings of Plato's understanding of dialectics are distinguished - as the art of conversation and as the ability to see individual things in the light of a single idea. There is a lack of connection between dialectics and the idea of development in Plato's teaching. It is shown that the initial basis for the emergence of the idea of dialectics was the thesis of Parmenides on the identity of being and thinking, and the preservation of this basis in later versions of dialectics creates problems in assessing the ontological significance of dialectics. A brief assessment of Hegel's contribution to the development of the idea of dialectics is given, which consists in his understanding of the world as a process of development, and dialectics for Hegel appears as dialectical thinking, but the subject of this thinking is not a person, but the Absolute. The appeal to the criticism of dialectics, in particular, by K. Popper, shows that Hegel's conception and his dialectics are a special world closed to itself, and one cannot simply transfer it to the world of nature and history, nor criticize it while being in an external world to Hegel. It is concluded that dialectics as a theory of development arises in the history of thought as a result of the discovery of the variability of the world and the need to reflect this variability in the process of cognition. The idea of dialectic, understood as a method, expresses the inconsistency of the process of cognition and thinking, highlighting two aspects: 1) the inconsistency of cognition and 2) the revelation of opposites in the cognizable realities.

The most famous problem faced by scientists at different times when trying to carry out a practical reconstruction of the general structure of the Albazin fortress ( ostrog ) of Nikifor Chernigov considered by the authors is the irretrievable loss of its part located on the coastal territory, which until now has sloughed into the Amur as a result of a change in the riverbed. At the same time, archaeological excavations on the territory of the Albazin settlement carried out since the 70s of the last century to the present days have not yet revealed any traces of its potentially remaining structures. Thus, only their parametric counterparts borrowed from archival sources of the 17th century can be used as actually available topological and numerical data necessary for computer modeling of the fortress. Further digitalization of scientific research, of course, is a modern trend in reinforcing the current historical science. In this article, the authors propose an algorithm for the reconstruction of the Albazin fortress of Nikifor Chernigov using universal software, the use of which in historical science is the subject of this work. In general, such interdisciplinary approach as the combination of history and computer science to historical research has already proved its worth in recent decades, contributing to the emergence of a new way of extracting historical information from historical sources. In addition, the development of a specific algorithm for study and data processing technique is a promising direction for solving some methodological difficulties associated with the need to intensify historical research using a computer, and it also contributes to a prompt response to the emergence of new technologies offered by the development of computer science in general.

The article describes the organization process of Udinsk garrison in 1690s. The main source for the study was unpublished documents from the fund 168: “Irkutsk Voivodship House” of the Archives of St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The garrison of Udinsk was formed in 1690-1691 from a part of the warriors of F. A. Golovin’s troop, who had been in Dauria since 1686. About half of them were brought together in the regiment of Nikifor Senotrusov. Apart from Udinsk warriors carried out annual temporary service in other fortresses. One hundred people were stationed at the border service in Selenginsk and the same number in Irkutsk. In 1694 some of them were sent to their native towns and their places were taken by shifters from Tobolsk, Tyumen, Tomsk and other Siberian cities. The total garrison size was significantly reduced. However, in 1697 people began to be recruited in newly created places of it. However, Udinsk treasury did not have enough firearms, money, grain supplies and salt for payment of salaries for the newly-recruited warriors. Data on Udinsk arsenal, places of weapons storage and their quantity are given. For the first time the article provides the nominal lists of Udinsk garrison members in 1691 and 1697, which includes the names of about 800 Udinsk warriors. The article may be helpful for historians and people involved in study of their genealogy.

The author analyzes the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire I as a source on the history of the Russian police. The relevance is determined by the lack of interest of professional historians in the problem of sources on the history of the police in the Russian state, since research, as a rule, is directed directly to the study of the police system itself and the problems of its organization. The author characterizes legislative acts as a type of historical sources, determines their specificity. The history of the creation of the Complete Collection of Laws I is briefly considered, its shortcomings are revealed. The method of identifying and structuring the required acts by keywords using an alphabetical register is given. There is a difficulty in the possibilities of systematization or classification of the required regulations, which is due to the lack of a unified approach to the definition of the concept of “law” and any system of lawmaking in Russia during the period under study. In order to analyze the Complete Collection of Laws I, the author compiled a table including the indication of the volume number, the range and number of years covered, the number of acts related to police activities included in that, and also calculated a coefficient demonstrating the degree of legislative activity (the number of acts adopted per one year). The first volumes were studied in detail, as well as those volumes that included the largest number of adopted acts (12-13 per year). It is noted that the most common regulatory acts regulating the activities of the police were issued in the periods 1802-1805, 1808-1809 and 1817, that is, they are associated with the reign of Emperor Alexander I. In particular, normative acts issued during the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century, included in the Full Collection of Laws (I) regulated the organization and supply of the police service, the establishment of the duties of police officials, as well as their responsibilities and privileges.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the right periodical press on the subject of the Russian rightists’ attitude to the beginning of the military intervention in Iran in 1909. The development of the Iranian Revolution events of 1905-1911, and especially the participation of Russian troops in it, was widely discussed by the public of the Russian Empire. In the conditions of the growing anti-Shah actions of the Persian constitutionalists, the Russian government in the spring and summer of 1909 decided to send military forces to Iran to protect Russian institutions and citizens. Conservatives expressed their own position on the issue of military intervention in revolutionary events on the pages of their own periodicals, such as “Zemshchina”, “Russkoe Znamya”, “Kievlyanin”, etc., widely covering the state of affairs in Iran. After analyzing the articles published in the spring - summer of 1909 in conservative press, the author comes to the conclusion, that the beginning of the military intervention in Iran was positively received by the Russian rightists. However, the intervention was accompanied by a number of political problems, in relation to which the extreme rightists and nationalists didn’t always take an unambiguous position. The extreme rightists were dissatisfied with the entire foreign policy course of Russia in the Middle East, expressed in its pro-British orientation and the indecisive actions of the Russian government. The nationalists, while generally supporting the policy of non-intervention, nevertheless agreed with the need to send Russian troops to Iran in order to protect the economic interests of the Russian Empire and its citizens. At the same time, the Russian right-wingers showed a unified negative attitude towards Russian diplomacy in the context of the Iranian crisis.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in June 1941, there were changes in the activities of correctional labor institutions. In places of deprivation of liberty as a priority was the implementation of the production plan. The control over the process and results of economic work had increased in the divisions of the penitentiary system. The regime for keeping convicts was tightened, material support and sanitary and household services deteriorated. Despite the existing difficulties, prisoners who consistently fulfilled and overfulfilled production tasks were given additional food rations, improved living conditions were offered, if possible, as well as a set of official clothing and shoes. The legal framework of that period determined measures to improve the maintenance of the special contingent, however, the norms of socialist legislation were often violated on the ground. This was due to the remoteness from the center of the Chita region, the ITK units scattered on its territory, as well as ordinary official negligence, poor discipline, and the lack of human compassion among individual employees of the NKVD of the USSR. With the help of parole, it was possible to reduce the time of detention in places of deprivation of liberty, but after that followed the direction to the front, to the active army (if the medical commission was recognized as fit for service). During this period, the personal responsibility of the heads of correctional labor institutions associated with the implementation of the labor plan was practiced. A scrupulous calculation was carried out in places of deprivation of liberty of the level of labor productivity, the number of prisoners employed at work, the sick, as well as persons not involved in production for other reasons. In the correctional labor institutions of the NKVD of the USSR in the Chita region, the bulk of the prisoners were used in coal mining, building work, they were also involved in agriculture.

The review gives a high assessment of the monograph of the Simferopol historian A. S. Kravchuk, dedicated by the Taurida governor of the first half of the 19th century. It is noted that this study was the first generalizing work on this topic. It is indicated that the Crimea in the period under review had its own specifics as a multinational and multi-confessional region. The distinctive features of the administration of the Taurida province are analyzed. In the work of A. S. Kravchuk combined biographies of governors and assessments of their performance in the region. The emphasis is on the features of G. P. Miloradovich, D. B. Mertvago, A. M. Borozdina, A. I. Kaznacheeva and V. I. Pestel. The influence of Prince M. S. Vorontsov on administrative processes in the Tauride province.

This review provides an overview and scientific analysis of the published documents. The relevance of the publication is noted and the contribution of the author of the collection M.I. Weber to the development of the history of the Civil War is highly appreciated. The conclusion is made about the erroneous statement of Soviet historians who represented the rebellious Tyumen recruits in their writings as ideological fighters for Soviet power. The materials presented in the collection will serve as a source base for further scientific research. The book will certainly be interesting not only to professional historians, but also to everyone who is interested and not indifferent to the problems of the Civil War in Russia.

The review analyzes the monograph by V. G. Khandorin “Admiral Kolchak: Drama of the Supreme Ruler”, published in the first half of 2022 by Sistema and the Political Encyclopedia publishing house in the series “Pages of Soviet and Russian History”. It considers the author's coverage of the process of becoming Admiral A.V. Kolchak as the leader of the “White Movement” and the main directions of his activity as the “Supreme Ruler of Russia”. The review reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the monograph and its contribution to the study of the history of the Civil War in Russia.