Reconstruction of production stages of manufacturing knife handles from cattle metapodium (based on materials from archaeological collections in Pskov)

Pskov was the political, spiritual, economic and cultural centre of North-West Rus'. Along with such cities as Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod, it was a major production centre in the Middle Ages, where artisans of various specialties lived and wor ked, satisfying the needs of the townspeople and the city district. The products of bone processing masters were in demand and were an integral part of everyday life. In the modern study of bone carving craft, one of the key aspects is the determination of the raw material and the reconstruction of the technological process of manufacturing an item based on archaeological data. Despite numerous publications on the production of various items made of bone material, there are still no special studies on the produ ction of knife handles from cattle metapodia, although such artifacts are often found at archaeological sites. The article presents the results of the analysis of 42 archaeological collections from 32 excavations within the city of Pskov. The archaeological mat erial accumulated over many years of studying the site made it possible to reconstruct complete technological chains, the specifics of the production process, and the variability of bone raw material processing forms. Two main production models were identified : 1 – producing with manual processing, 2 - producing with processing on a lathe. A large number of studied artifacts (3862) made it possible to describe the technical aspects of the production of knife handles and reconstruct the stages of processing the ra w material to the final product. The article provides both general characteristics of the handle production process and examines specific features of various production technologies in Pskov. The article also describes the sources of raw materials of Pskov manufa cturers and their routes of delivery. Attention is paid to the highly specialized inventory of bone carver masters. Our study allows us to improve understanding of the technological practices of medieval urban bone carving craft.

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