Анализ травмы в биоархеологии: обзор и примеры исследований из Прихубсугулья и Тункинской долины

Данная статья представляет обзор анализа травм в биоархеологии. Она описывает, что такое травмы и какие постоянные следы от них остаются на костях человека даже после их заживления. Исследование травм также позволяет биоархеологам оценить механизмы повреждений и, возможно, узнать их причины, что может дать информацию о взаимодействии людей с окружающей средой и социокультурным контекстом. Такие травмы могут быть случайными или преднамеренными по своему происхождению, часто отражая культурные традиции. Кроме того, в этой статье особое внимание уделяется классификации и интерпретации травм, таких как переломы, вывихи, отвердения мягких тканей и аномальные форма и контур кости, у древних населений. Описываются различные виды силовых травм и приводятся определения вывихов и гематом, которые иногда могут приводить к отвердению прилегающих мягких тканей и проявляться в виде костяных выступов. Приводятся примеры исследования травм на останках людей с могильников, расположенных на озере Хубсугул в Монголии (12 человек) и в Тункинской долине на территории России (3 человека). Останки людей датируются между серединой XI и XIV веков н. э. Наиболее частые виды травм на костях – это повреждения позвоночников, указывающие на требующую усилия активность, такие как постоянная езда на лошадях. Также зафиксированы случаи травм на руках и в меньшей степени на ногах. Повреждения в виде насильственных травм – очень редки. Возможное объяснение таких случаев связано с постоянным участием в скотоводческой деятельности. Конфликт редко был причиной повседневной жизни.

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