Trauma analysis in bioarchaeology: a review and case study from Khuvsgul and the Tunka Valley

This article presents a review of trauma analysis in bioarchaeology. It starts with an introduction on what trauma is and what permanent markers it can leave on bones, even after recovery. Studies of trauma allow bioarchaeologists to evaluate the mechanism of injury and possibly reveal the cause of trauma, which may inform on individuals’ interactions with their environments and sociocultural contexts. Trauma also can be incidental or intentional in origin, often reflecting cultural practices. Furthermore, this article focuses on the classification and interpretation of injuries in past populations, such as fracture, dislocation, ossification of soft tissues, and abnormal shape or contour of the bone. It describes different types of force trauma and defines dislocation and hematomas that may occasionally lead to ossification of adjacent soft tissues and can manifest as bony projections. This is followed by a case study utilizing trauma data to elucidate past human experiences. Human remains from twelve individuals excavated from Lake Khuvsgul, Mongolia, and three individuals from the adjacent Tunka Valley, Russian Federation, were examined. All skeletons were dated between the mid-11th and 14th centuries CE. Fatigue injuries on the spine were the most frequent, suggestive of strenuous activities, such as habitual horseback riding. There was some evidence of upper limb trauma, but limited lower body and violent trauma. A potential explanation of this pattern is that people in this area were frequently engaged in pastoral activities, but conflict rarely impacted their daily lives.

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