ildtistuИзвестия Лаборатории древних технологийReports of the Laboratory of Ancient Technologies2415-87392500-1566ИРНИТУ10.21285/2415-8739-2021-3-79-95ildtistu-47Research ArticleЭТНОЛОГИЯETHNOLOGYВозрождение оленеводства в Северо-Байкальском нагорье, Республика БурятияThe Revival of Reindeer Herding in the North Baikal Highlands, Republic of Buryatiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-5594ЗайкерДжон ПетерZikerJohn Peterjziker@boisestate.eduГосударственный университет г. БойсеРоссияBoise State UniversityRussian Federation2021300820231737995Copyright © Зайкер Д.П., 20232023Зайкер Д.П.Ziker J.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ildtistu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/47

В данной статье обобщается работа с двумя эвенкийскими оленеводческими коллективами в Северо-Байкальском нагорье в июле 2010 года. Этнографическая работа с оленеводческими группами Орон и Улуки, основанными в начале 1990-х годов в поселке Холодное, позволила выделить две вариации традиционного эвенкийского подхода к оленеводству, обнаруживающие множество общих черт. Обе группы полагались на природные и антропогенные особенности ландшафта, чтобы приучить оленей к местам, где оленеводство было оставлено почти на 20 лет. Оленеводы и олени взаимно определяют сезонные и ежедневные модели передвижения, а оленеводческая деятельность используется для проведения охоты на крупную дичь и отлова пушных зверей осенью и зимой. Охота и отлов рыбы являются важным источником дохода для оленеводов. Улукская община к 2010 году вырастила свое стадо оленей до такой степени, что они смогли зарезать несколько оленей для продажи мяса, в то время как Оронская община держала небольшое стадо оленей. В данной статье представлены некоторые из обнаруженных в ландшафте следов оленеводства и обсуждаются причины возрождения оленеводства в наше время и устойчивость этого традиционного вида деятельности эвенков. Подтверждение личности и притязания на землю в дополнение к материальным благам оленеводства и охоты могли быть вескими причинами для восстановления оленеводства в 1990-х годах.

This paper summarizes work with two Evenki reindeer herding collectives in the Severo-Baikal’skoe nagor’e in July, 2010. Ethnographic work with reindeer herder groups Oron and Uluki, both established in the early 1990s in the Kholodnoe community, highlighted two variations on the traditional Evenki approach to reindeer herding evincing numerous commonalities. Both groups relied on natural and human-made features of the landscape to habituate reindeer to areas where reindeer herding had been abandoned for close to 20 years. Reindeer herders and reindeer mutually determine seasonal and daily mobility patterns, and reindeer herding activities are leveraged to conduct big-game hunting and furbearer trapping activities in fall and winter. Hunting and trapping provides reindeer herding personnel with important sources of cash. The Uluki obshchina had grown their reindeer herd to a point by 2010 where they were able to slaughter some reindeer for meat sales, while the Oron obshchina kept a small reindeer herd. This paper presents some of the traces uncovered on the landscape relating to reindeer herding and discusses the rationale behind the revival of reindeer herding in modern times and the sustainability of this traditional Evenki activity. Confirmation of identity and land claims in addition to the material benefits of reindeer herding and hunting may be among the reasons for the reestablishment of reindeer herding in the 1990s.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.