ildtistuИзвестия Лаборатории древних технологийReports of the Laboratory of Ancient Technologies2415-87392500-1566ИРНИТУ10.21285/2415-8739-2022-3-114-130ildtistu-122Research ArticleАРХЕОЛОГИЯARCHAEOLOGYАрхеология рабочих животныхArchaeology of working animalshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-1998СикДжессикаSickJessicajhs917@mail.usask.cahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8047-2208КохутГрейсKohutGracexch957@mail.usask.cahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-1681НомоконоваТатьяна ЮрьевнаNomokonovaTatiana Yu.tan204@usask.cahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0711-1793ЛиверсАнжела РоузLieverseAngela R.arl947@mail.usask.cahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-8160ЛозейРоберт ДжастинLoseyRobert J.robert.losey@ualberta.caУниверситет СаскатчеванРоссияUniversity of SaskatchewanRussian FederationУниверситет АльбертаРоссияUniversity of AlbertaRussian Federation202230082023183114130Copyright © Сик Д., Кохут Г., Номоконова Т.Ю., Ливерс А.Р., Лозей Р.Д., 20232023Сик Д., Кохут Г., Номоконова Т.Ю., Ливерс А.Р., Лозей Р.Д.Sick J., Kohut G., Nomokonova T.Y., Lieverse A.R., Losey R.J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ildtistu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/122

Идентификация рабочих животных является одним из наиболее перспективных направлений в зооархеологических исследованиях. Начиная с 1990-х годов, несколько исследователей пытались разработать методы и приемы, позволяющие выделить тягловых, верховых и ездовых животных по археологическим данным. В этой статье мы обобщаем три основных метода, или индикаторов скелетной активности, которые доступны в настоящее время или находятся в процессе разработки для отслеживания рабочих животных в фаунистических коллекциях в эпоху голоцена. Этими индикаторами являются патологические поражения, энтезисные изменения и геометрия поперечного сечения длинных костей. Все три подхода основаны на предпосылке, что длительная и привычная работа может проявляться на различных участках скелета животных, таких как череп и зубы, позвонки, суставные поверхности, длинные кости, некоторые предплюсны и фаланги. Их применение в качестве индикаторов активности разрабатывается путем сравнения патологических поражений, энтезисных изменений и геометрии поперечного сечения длинных костей между большими сравнительными коллекциями работающих и неработающих животных. Описание каждого метода начинается с его обзора, обсуждения многофакторной этиологии, связанной с возрастом, полом, размером тела, генетической предрасположенностью и другими ограничениями его применения, и включения примеров видов животных, на которых он был разработан и/или применен. Мы сосредоточились на примерах трех основных домашних животных - лошади ( Equus caballus ), крупного рогатого скота ( Bos taurus ) и северного оленя ( Rangifer tarandus ), которые были одними из основных рабочих животных в Сибири на протяжении эпохи голоцена.

Identification of working animals has been one of the most promising recent directions in zooarchaeological studies. Since the 1990s, several researchers have attempted to develop methods and techniques to distinguish draught, ridden, and sled-pulling animals from the archaeological record. In this article, we summarize three main methods, or skeletal activity indicators, that are currently available or in the process of being developed to trace working animals in Holocene faunal assemblages. These indicators are pathological lesions, entheseal changes, and cross-sectional bone geometry. All three approaches are grounded in the premise that long-term and habitual work can manifest on various regions of animal skeletons such as skulls and teeth, vertebrae, joint surfaces, long bones, some tarsals, and phalanges. Their applications as activity indicators are developed by comparing pathological lesions, entheseal changes, and long bone cross sectional geometry between larger sets of working and non-working animals. Description of each method starts with its introduction, discussion of multifactorial etiology related to age, sex, body size, genetic predisposition, and other limitations of its application, and inclusion of species examples that it has been developed on and/or applied to. We focus here on examples from three major domestic animals, horse ( Equus caballus ), cattle ( Bos taurus ), and reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), which have been some of the main working animals in Siberia throughout the Holocene.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.